All scholarly articles published in the International Journal of Science and Technology (IJST) are made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).

The full terms of the license are available at: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Permitted Use

Under the CC BY 4.0 license, readers and other users may copy, share, distribute, reproduce, adapt, and build upon published articles in any medium or format, including for commercial purposes, provided the license conditions are followed.

Attribution Requirements

Users must give appropriate credit to the original author(s), acknowledge IJST as the original publication source, provide a link to the license, and indicate whether any changes were made.

Attribution must not imply endorsement by the authors, IJST, or Global Publications.

No Additional Restrictions

IJST does not impose restrictions that limit the permissions granted under the CC BY 4.0 license. Users may not apply additional legal terms or technological measures that prevent others from exercising the rights permitted by the license.

Repository and Online Sharing

Authors may deposit and share preprints, accepted manuscripts, and final published versions of their articles in institutional or subject repositories, academic profiles, personal websites, and other scholarly platforms without an embargo period.

When sharing the published version, authors should acknowledge IJST as the original publication source and include the DOI or permanent article link, where available.

Third-Party Material

The CC BY 4.0 license applies to the published article except where specific third-party material is clearly identified as being subject to separate copyright or licensing conditions.

Such material may be reused only in accordance with the applicable permissions, licenses, or legal exceptions.

Copyright and Licensing

Authors retain copyright ownership of their articles. The CC BY 4.0 license governs the use and reuse of published content by readers and other users.

Further information about copyright ownership and publishing rights is provided in the journal’s Copyright Terms policy.