International Journal of Science and Technology (IJST)

Understanding Nanobubble–Nanoparticle Systems: Formation, Nucleation, and Submicron Interactions

Over the last twenty years, gas-saturated liquids have drawn increasing interest due to the unexpected stability of nanobubbles observed within them. This stability challenges conventional understanding and has prompted investigations into a wide array of potential applications, particularly those involving interactions between nanobubbles and nanoparticles. This review explores the current knowledge surrounding systems where both entities coexist, which is common in many nanobubble-related technologies. We discuss key processes such as the generation of nanoparticles from nanobubbles, the initiation of nanobubbles on nanoparticle surfaces, and the interactions that occur between them. While substantial progress has been made, critical aspects—such as the precise mechanisms underlying nanobubble nucleation and the nature of nanoscale interactions—remain poorly understood. Continued research in this area is vital to deepen our theoretical insight and to harness these phenomena for practical use.