Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Molecular Mechanisms of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) among the Pregnant women in West Bengal

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is an increasing public health concern in India, especially in states like West Bengal, where nutritional transition, genetic susceptibility, and stress-related lifestyle shifts contribute to its rising prevalence. GDM is defined as glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy¹. It is associated with both maternal and fetal complications and significantly increases the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) postpartum. This review article explores the current trends in GDM prevalence in West Bengal, risk factors, screening methodologies, socio-demographic influences, and molecular mechanisms involved, including insulin resistance, inflammatory signalling, and placental hormone alterations⁴. Molecular markers like GLUT4, adiponectin, TNF-α, and miRNAs are discussed in relation to GDM pathogenesis⁷. The review highlights the need for region-specific interventions, early screening, and molecular diagnostics to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes. Keywords: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, West Bengal, insulin resistance, pregnancy, GLUT4, TNF-α, miRNA, fetal complications